Yuan Dynasty Emperors List - Chinese Emperors

The Yuan Dynasty in China was one of the five khanates of the Mongol Empire, founded by Genghis Khan. It ruled most of the modern day China from 1271 to 1368.  Genghis Khans grandson, Kublai Khan, was the founder and first emperor of the Yuan Dynasty. Each Yuan emperor also served as the Great Khan of the Mongols, meaning that the rulers of the Chagatai Khanate, the Golden Horde, and the Ilkhanate answered to him (at least in theory). Mandate of Heaven According to official Chinese histories, the Yuan Dynasty received the Mandate of Heaven even though it was not ethnically Han Chinese. This was true of several other major dynasties in Chinese history, including the Jin Dynasty (265 - 420 CE) and the Qing Dynasty (1644 - 1912). Although the Mongol rulers of China adopted some Chinese customs, such as the use of the Civil Service Exam system based on the writings of Confucius, the dynasty maintained its distinctly Mongol approach to life and lordship. Yuan emperors and empresses were famous for their love of hunting from horseback, and some of the early Yuan era Mongol lords evicted Chinese peasants from their farms and turned the land into horse pastures. The Yuan emperors, unlike other foreign rulers of China, married and took concubines only from within the Mongol aristocracy. Thus, to the end of the dynasty, the emperors were of pure Mongol heritage. Mongol Rule For almost a century, China flourished under Mongol rule. Trade along the Silk Road, which had been interrupted by warfare and banditry, grew strong once again under the Pax Mongolica. Foreign traders flowed into China, including a man from far-off Venice called Marco Polo, who spent more than two decades in Kublai Khans court. However, Kublai Khan over-extended his military power and the Chinese treasury with his military adventures overseas. Both of his invasions of Japan ended in disaster, and his attempted conquest of Java, now in Indonesia, was equally (although less dramatically) unsuccessful. The Red Turban Rebellion Kublais successors were able to rule in relative peace and prosperity until the end of the 1340s.  At that time, a series of droughts and floods produced famine in the Chinese countryside. People began to suspect that the Mongols had lost the Mandate of Heaven. The Red Turban Rebellion began in 1351, drawing its members from the hungry ranks of the peasantry, and would end up overthrowing the Yuan Dynasty in 1368. The emperors are listed here by their given names and khan names. Although Genghis Khan and several other relatives were posthumously named emperors of the Yuan Dynasty, this list begins with Kublai Khan, who actually defeated the Song Dynasty and established control over greater China. Borjigin Kublai, Kublai Khan, 1260-1294Borjigin Temur, Temur Oljeytu Khan, 1294-1307Borjigin Qayshan, Qayshan Guluk, 1308-1311Borjigin Ayurparibhadra, Ayurparibhadra, 1311-1320Borjigin Suddhipala, Suddhipala Gegeen, 1321-1323Borjigin Yesun-Temur, Yesun-Temur, 1323-1328Borjigin Arigaba, Arigaba, 1328Borjigin Toq-Temur, Jijaghatu Toq-Temur, 1328-1329 and 1329-1332Borjigin Qoshila, Qoshila Qutuqtu, 1329Borjigin Irinchibal, Irinchibal, 1332Borjigin Toghan-Temur, Toghan-Temur, 1333-1370

Deforestation Is A Global Issue - 2163 Words

The long-term removal of tree cover, deforestation, is a global issue that can be catastrophic if not resolved and is one of the most urgent of issues. Deforestation is a global issue, not only because it happens all around the world, in multiple countries but also because its causes are produced by globally-drive motives. Politically, Socially and Environmentally, deforestation is a global issue that delves deeply in almost all aspects of organism life. This essay will explore into the intricacy of the global issue of deforestation and its surface and root causes. Although deforestation occurs mostly in tropical rainforests, which are primarily in developing countries, this does not equate it to national problems, instead it is an issue, which through the rise of economic globalization, means that the global population are bearing down on the forests as well. The surface issues are agricultural expansion and infrastructure expansion, with deeper root causes, which fall under the pol itical and social scope. These underlying causes â€Å"are fundamental forces that underpin the more obvious or proximate causes of deforestation† (Geist, Lambin, 2001, pg.8) This essay will draw from academic sources and will elaborate on author’s theories and opinions on the topic of the causes of deforestation. By doing this, a mixture of neo liberal, liberal and emancipatory social action approaches will be taken to be able to fully understand the surface and underlying causes of deforestation.Show MoreRelatedDeforestation And The Global Issue Of Deforestation934 Words   |  4 Pagessocial causes of deforestation are predominantly created by human needs. In turn these causes hinder sustainability. This report states that although it is important to meet the needs of humans, the needs must be satisfied in a sustainably conscious manner. For this to be achieved, direct effects of each human need must be critically analysed and understood. This paper aims to deliver this by identifying particular human actions that contribute to the global issue of deforestation. Furthermore, theRead MoreDeforestation Is A Global Issue1630 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Deforestation in the Amazon rainforest is the cutting or burning down trees. Two main reasons the Amazon rainforest is being cleared is for raising cattle and growing crops (Figure 1). This is because the production of beef and soy has increased.1 The Amazon rainforest is located in countries throughout South America. The area this report will look at is Brazil, which is the largest country in the region. The majority of deforestation in the Amazon takes place in Brazil.2 There areRead MoreGlobal Environmental Issue : Deforestation Essay1103 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal Environmental Issue: Deforestation Deforestation is a global environmental threat the planet is currently experiencing. Deforestation in tropical rainforests is especially problematic as they are home to a myriad of important plant and animal species. The rich biodiversity found in these environments are needed, as we rely heavily on the ecological services they provide for us. Forest exports, cattle ranching, and international corporations and agencies are a few factors and actors to thisRead MoreDeforestation as a Global Issue Essay1448 Words   |  6 Pages Hypothesis:Deforestation is a global issue, not just one countrys problem. I have been asked to write an assignment on the effects and causes of the deforestation-taking place in the Amazon rainforest. During this assignment I shall investigate the following topics:  · Why has deforestation taken place in the Amazon rainforest?  · Can the government of Brazilsolve this major  · Before and after destruction issue?  · What are the developments in the rainforestRead MoreDeforestation Is The Real Consequences Of Deforestation1231 Words   |  5 Pageslike without these forests? If the rate of deforestation continues to increase then we may have to find out the answer to that question. Deforestation is a recurring global problem which is the act of tearing down a forest to use the land for a different purpose. Today’s society is so steadfast on advancement that they aren t stepping back to look at the solutions to the problem, alternatives, nor the very real consequences of deforestation. Deforestation could be destroyed in multiple ways. One ofRead MorePaper Towels And Its Effects On The World891 Words   |  4 Pageslead to deforestation- conversion of forested regions to non-forest land for human use and industrial gain until I really need it. After a long look at the mirror, I smirked to myself and turned around settling my wet hands in my pants pocket so that they would dry till I reach my class. After a few days of attachment to the commitment, I realized that although it might be just a drop of water in an ocean but we can really minimize the consumption of products that lead to deforestation. For thatRead MoreDeforestation Is Infrastructure Expansion ( Geist Lambin ) Essay1374 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many causes/factors to deforestation, which are largely associated with direct human influence. The first proximate cause to deforestation is infrastructure expansion (Geist Lambin, 2002, p. 144). This refers to transportation (roads), private and public markets, rural and urban settlements, and private and public services (water lines, oil exploitation, etc†¦) (Geist Lambin, 2002, p. 144). The next cause is agricultural expansion, which includes, large or small-scale cultivations, shiftingRead MoreImpact of Deforestation on the Earth Essay1375 Words   |  6 PagesDeforestation is the elimination of existing trees from the earth; attributable factors include urbanization, logging, ranching, and farming and to some extent land speculation. Land speculation can be included as cleared land is more valuable than forested land. Deforestation, done in the name of progress, and the long-term, devastating effects of it, is killing our planet. To understand the effects of deforestation one must understand the reasoning behind the decision to clear forestlands. OnlyRead MoreDeforestation And Its Effects On Deforestation Essay1339 Words   |  6 PagesDeforestation is â€Å"the act of cutting or burning down all of the trees in an area.† The original area covered by forests was approximately six billion hectares, however the total area of land covered by forests today is only four billion hectares. The issue is only expanding, and its challenges are becoming tougher every day. In fact, approximately sixteen million hectares of forest disappear each year. Forests cover more than twenty five percent of the world’s land, and more than half of that isRead MoreDeforestation Essay1071 Words   |  5 PagesIs Deforestation Worth It? One of the most prevalent issues in our world today is the issue of deforestation. Deforestation can be described as â€Å"the practice of clearing the natural forests for agriculture, logging, etc.† (Deforestation Statistics). After hearing the definition of deforestation, most people would not find this to be a very significant issue in the world, but after hearing the alarming statistics associated with deforestation, most would change their mind. For example, arguably the

Pros and Cons of Minimum Wage free essay sample

The argument for minimum wage has remained remake consistent over the years. Some people are against minimum wage and the other think minimum wage can help you in a certain way. In the midst of the Great Depression, the Unites States federal government passed the Fair Labor Standards Act. The law has been amended almost every year to expand coverage of the wage floor and to increase the wage itself. Many of the fifty states have enacted their own minimum wage laws, some of them set even higher than the federal level. Minimum wage jobs don’t only help adults at hard times it help teenagers and college students. I learned that the proponents for minimum wage believe the raw value of one’s labor to a business shouldn’t be the primary factor in determining that workers wage. They consider a wage to be something not only owed to someone on the basis of their labor value, but also in light of their needs. We will write a custom essay sample on Pros and Cons of Minimum Wage or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the labor pool there are people who are new to the market, young and unskilled. In order for their jobs to have significant consequence for them those jobs need to pay an amount that matters to them. Employees earning low wage are likely to apply for and receive welfare benefits there by increasing the cost society must pay in order to keep them afloat. Therefore we should consider high minimum wage as an important part of a comprehensive government assistance package. On the other hand the standard free market economic complaint that minimum wage causes unemployment and has become a significant attack in the last decade. The basic practical argument against minimum wages is that they don’t accomplish what they set out to do and actually crate more problems than they set out to solve. Minimum wage laws causes unemployment a lifelong depressing effect on the earning of many of those forced into unemployment and harm in particular the least-skilled most disadvantaged members of society. There is evidence that the very people targeted with these laws are likely to benefit from them. Since there is a given amount of labor willing to do work at the certain wage and there is a given amount of work employers are willing to hire people to do at the certain wage, involuntarily forcing the law end of those wages up will disemploy some workers. It was mentioned the standard capitalist argument against a minimum wage has come under empirical attack lately and it must be said there is no consensus on the matter. The law of minimum wage interferes with the law of comparative advantage and monopolizes the affected labor markets in favor of the higher-skilled laborers whose labor is worth the higher wage. Some argue that the effect that the minimum wage is merely a huge, hidden tax paid by small minority. On other hand employers chose other methods than simple layoffs to offset the added cost of more expensive workforce. The theoretically include hiring fewer employees in the future not replacing all employees who resign, retire or are fired not making capital expenditures to improve their business raising price on the goods and services they offer and decreasing the number of hours worked per employee. The moral argument against minimum wage is based on the ideas of self-ownership and freedom, grounded in the ethical concrete of self-interest. One of the most interesting things I discovered while researching this topic was the historical nature of the argument. Some empirical studies appear to lend weight to the claim that these laws don’t cause unemployment, but they aren’t comprehensive enough to fully gauge the extent of the negative economic effects of such mandates. It cannot escape that the government causes unnecessary economic negative side effects by outlawing wages below a certain level. It easy to give in to the emotional argument proposing any variation on the minimum wage, but if it was up to me I will keep the minimum wage jobs for teenagers, college students , interns and part-time workers.

Willem de kooning an Example by

Willem de kooning Willem de Kooning is a renowned American painter though born in Dutch. He started his work in a firm of commercial artists and decorators in 1916 during which he was also attending evening classes at Rotterdam academy of fine arts and techniques. He lived at the time of Abstract Expressionism (an American art movement) during World War II and so his painting style was referred to as action painting or Abstract Expressionism. This was a time when most European schools used anti figurative aesthetics. Need essay sample on "Willem de kooning" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Most of Willems paintings were more focused on women figures. His paintings caused a lot of sensations unlike his colleagues who painted abstractly with blatant techniques and imagery. After resigning from the Works Progress Administration where he had worked for two years and won a Logan medal of arts, he dedicated his time to creative work as means of supporting himself. He was able to work for the easel painting and mural divisions. He majored on the male figures with the inclusion of colored abstractions. From the name of this movement, most of the paintings were more of rebellion and anarchy. During the period between 1930 and 1950, the US government was offering sponsorship for artists and Willem was assigned the job of painting murals. In his work he combined a lot of geometrics and figurative. He was quoted saying its quiet absurd to make a human image using a paint when you think about it but rather more absurd if you dont do it. This quote greatly contradicts his works which were more based on images of human beings. For instance, Two Men Standing, Women 1, Women And Bicycle, Two Women In The Country, among others. He painted women in the early times of the 1940 and most of this pictures expressed vulgarity which were derived from the objects in the studio where he frequently worked. He would say that art never makes him happy and yet he spent most the years between 1950 and 1955 in painting women figures (Lieber, E, 2000). Another statement that clearly depicts this contradiction with his works was spiritually am wherever my spirit allows me to be, I dont paint to live but I live to paint. Even though his statement expressed dissatisfaction with art work, his action in continuing with it contradicted that. In his figures, he drew women with exaggerated features such as protruding breasts, large hips, using the pencil and pastel drawings.Even though he claims that the work of artists is not to put order on the chaotic nature but rather to put order in them, he occasionally produced some abstract work. Most of his works that were purely abstractions included a Door to the River, Bolton Landing, which was more related to the landscape than to human figures. This deviation in his works is actually attributed to the influence of his early works in women paintings with lots of colorations evident in the landscape. He later turned to sculpture and made a number of works which were later casts in bronze. The greatest mark of his works is aligned to ambiguity in the complex figures. The overlap in the figures of the background caused them to appear as if they are in the foreground then he would overlap them with dripping lines thus making the whole area appear in the background. Such ambiguities in drawing do not at all express order as he claims to be focused on (Lieber, E, 2000). Though he frequently changed his styles in painting he remained more abstract. As he progressed in his works, he increased the color use and the dripping lines. The overall paintings of de Kooning numbered to seventy six. He happened to be so much occupied with the recurring body features such as the eyes, the ears, and the breast portraying a lot of mixture of the contemporary styles and imagery with the tradition of nudity. His paintings are majored on one specific part of the image thus driving the attention of the viewer to the focused part. His period of art work is characterized by oscillations between the less abstract works of human representation to the abstract representations of the land cape, between a relative confusion and a relative calm. He is renowned for his black and white painting which was as a result of his extreme poverty that hindered him from buying artists pigment. Most of his series of large abstractions were painted with black and white household enamels. Of these works are: Light in August, Black Friday which were black and thus painted white, whereas Zurich and Mailbox which were white and thus painted black. He would seldom return to realistic arts especially the portrait of his wife Elaine which he painted three years after they met. Though he greatly pioneered the era of abstract expressionism, his works caused a lot of sensation unlike his colleagues whose were mostly of abstractions with no realities. De Kooning used his ability for realistic drawing to make paintings for commercial and advertisement purposes. In his painting of the 1975s, he ventured again into abstraction with lots of vigor and he was able to produce a mass of paintings with no titles. Most of his paintings in this era were multicolored with the de Koonings curly lines with lots of preference to light colors. During this period, he chose the larger quadrangular canvass as his main formatting standard. The years between 1975 and 1977 were the happiest years and he felt like he could not miss painting though earlier he had said that painting doesnt make him happier or pure. The last years of his painting were marked by increasing productivity and though he frequently changed his styles he still remained abstract in his drawings. His drinking habit became a great threat to the continuation of his paintings as he became very forgetful and when he was taken for diagnosis, he was found with the Alzheimer disease. His last paintings became more and more controversial because they were more or less clean, sparse and slightly graphic. Some of his late paintings lacked mastery which was quiet evident in his earlier works. Reference: Lieber, E. (2000). Willem de Kooning: Reflections in the Studio. Harry N. Abrams.

Urban Segregation essays

Urban Segregation essays Since urbanization began in European cities, there has always been segregation, either by class, socio-economic status, political affiliation, etc. In modern American cities stratification is most heavily linked to class or race. There are many reasons that segregation in cities take place, and we will explore the more prevalent ideas of social stratification. When urban centers in America were beginning to take shape, people moved in droves to these industrial metropolises to find work and success. We studied earlier the effects of this mass immigration to cities and saw the horrid living conditions that people endured to find work. The overcrowding of cities made ghettos obvious and wealth was not directly associated with the masses of people moving in. Through the years, urban areas grew with new suburban towns encircling the city. Wealthier people inhabited these suburban areas with the ability to move in and out of cities at their own will. Cities became a melting pot of cultures in a small area. People of the same ethnic background often moved into neighborhoods in which their own culture was dominant as to fit in and feel more at home. These areas are obvious in places such as Chinatown, or Little Italy. Southie, in Boston is dominated by the working class Irish people that came to the American cities as many others did: looking for work, and the American Dream. These social groupings are one way that cities become segregated. This segregation is not the discriminatory term that we usually attribute to the phrase, but the separation of social groups. The city in the 1920s was often a battleground as various groups within the population struggled for social and cultural authority. New laws in urban centers gave way to a new cultural group as well: criminals. Organized crime in the 1920s was widespread; In New York, Chicago, Detroi ...

Learn Whether Cloud Seeding Can Kill Hurricanes

Learn Whether Cloud Seeding Can Kill Hurricanes Efforts at storm modification date back to the 1940s, when Dr. Irwin Langmuir and a team of scientist from General Electric explored the possibility of using ice crystals to weaken storms. This was Project Cirrus. Enthusiasm about this project, combined with devastation from a series of hurricanes that made landfall, prompted the U.S. federal government to appoint a Presidential Commission to investigate storm modification. What Was Project Stormfury? Project Stormfury was a research program for hurricane modification that was active between 1962 and 1983. The Stormfury hypothesis was that seeding the first rain band outside of the eyewall clouds with silver iodide (AgI) would cause supercooled water to turn into ice. This would release heat, which would cause the clouds to grow faster, pulling in air that would otherwise reach the wall of clouds around the eye. The plan was to cut off the air supply feeding the original eyewall, which would cause it to fade away while a second, wider eyewall would grow further from out from the storms center. Because the wall would be wider, air spiraling into the clouds would be slower. The partial conservation of angular momentum was intended to decrease the force of the strongest winds. At the same time the cloud seeding theory was being developed, a group at the Navy Weapons Center in California was developing new seeding generators that could release large amounts of silver iodide crystals i nto storms. Hurricanes That Were Seeded With Silver Iodide In 1961, the eyewall of Hurricane Esther was seeded with silver iodide. The hurricane stopped growing and showed signs of possible weakening. Hurricane Beulah was seeded in 1963, again with some encouraging results. Two hurricanes were then seeded with massive quantities of silver iodide. The first storm (Hurricane Debbie, 1969) weakened temporarily after being seeded five times. No significant effect was detected on the second storm (Hurricane Ginger, 1971). Later analysis of the 1969 storm suggested that the storm would have weakened with or without the seeding, as part of the normal eyewall replacement process.​ Discontinuing the Seeding Program Budget cuts and lack of definitive success led to the discontinuation of the hurricane seeding program. In the end, it was decided that funding would be better spent learning more about how hurricanes work and in finding ways to better prepare for and lessen the damage from natural storms. Even if it turned out cloud seeding or other artificial measures could lessen the intensity of the storms, there was considerable debate about where on their course the storms would be altered and concern over the ecological implications of changing the storms.

Cultural Tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Cultural Tourism - Essay Example This paper approves that to improve the services that the igloos offer, it is safe to add a unit service crew where the group shall attend to the needs of people staying. At the same time, there should be catering services where the food making paraphernalia are provided and are meant to be made by the visitors in order to have a more enhanced feeling being an Eskimo. The foods that must be served are those fit in the Eskimo culture so that the feeling of satisfaction is enhanced. In this manner, people will definitely look forward to coming back to the place. There is also a need to ensure that a positive, reliable and strong workforce exists. The good thing also about this ice restaurant is that it is the largest of its kind in the world and nothing else. This is already one of its marketable characteristics. How is this important? Possession of certain characteristics that are commendable would already leave an impression of awe and curiosity on the part of the tourist who are excited to go though the adventure. This essay makes a conclusion that the Igloo village can be considered as an attempt to preserve history. This cannot be disregarded, devalued and neglected. At the same time, this cannot be considered tokenistic. It something that justifies the need to show importance towards culture that has been neglected in this world that starts to become globalized. Culture is something that is preserved upon the attempt to create and establish a reputation. This should be done in almost all levels of planning when it comes to tourism, cultural, political and economic conditions.